09-04: Mahler 8 Stokowski live 1950 - Stellakis & Rita Rebetiko - Bach / Albert Schweitzer 1935 - Grieg Holberg Suite / Oslo Camerata 2006

1759 – Girolamo Chiti (Italian composer & biographer of Giuseppe Pitoni)
1827 – Michael Pamer (Austrian composer & conductor)
1844 – Oliver Holden (American minister & hymn composer)
1853 – Jonathan Blewitt (English organist & composer, active in Ireland)
1903 – Herman Zumpe (German conductor & composer)
1907 – Edvard Grieg (Norwegian composer & pianist)
1937 – Giovanni Salviucci (Italian composer & organist)
1937 – Stanisław Dobrzański (Polish tenor)
1937 – Vasily Petrov (Ukrainian operatic lyric bass)
1965 – Albert Schweitzer (Alsatian theologian, physician, missionary, philosopher, organist & Bach scholar)
1977 – Stellakis [Stelios Perpiniadis] (Greek rebetiko singer, songwriter & guitarist)
1991 – Carlos Alexander (American baritone)
1991 – Charlie Barnet (American jazz saxophonist, composer & bandleader, "Cherokee")
1991 – Dottie West (American country singer, songwriter & guitarist)
1995 – Chuck Greenberg (American new age musician & producer, Shadowfax)
1997 – Belle Stewart (Scottish folksinger)
2002 – Vlado Perlemuter (Lithuanian-born French pianist)
2003 – Tibor Varga (Hungarian violinist & conductor)
2003 – Lola Bobesco (Romanian-born Belgian violinist)
2006 – Astrid Varnay (Swedish-born American dramatic soprano of Hungarian ancestry)

Write-up pending. Won't really be all that much to say, though. I mean, you got your Grieg, you got your Dottie West, you got your Charlie Barnet, you got your Albert Schweitzer (he didn't just give medical attention to African children, he played the organ and wrote about Bach, too), and you got some pretty famous violinists & singers. You also got your first chance to pay a little attention to Gustav Mahler, like we're trying to do during this, his death centenary year. Haven't been any Mahler conductors of note on our lists in the past month, but baritone Carlos Alexander fits the bill, thanks to a certain landmark Carnegie Hall performance he participated in. Of course, he was just one performer among, oh, about 1000 others, I guess (*wink*wink*), but he does get a big solo in one part.

You know what, forget about the "write-up pending" nonsense. I'm going to go ahead and call this one finished, even though it might have been nice to say some things about Stellakis Perpiniadis, and Lola Bobesco, and Belle Stewart, and Astrid Varnay, and even Edvard Grieg, famous as he is. Go, now, and do what you know you must...

09-03: Morton Feldman : Coptic Light / Tilson Thomas 1995 | Rothko Chapel / New Albion 1990 - Harry Partch : The Bewitched 1957 / CRI - Canned Heat : Living the Blues 1968 - Noah Howard : The Black Ark 1969 - Coleman Hawkins : The Hawk Flies High 1957

1708 – Christian Liebe (German composer & organist, teacher of Andreas Silbermann)
1714 – Pietro Antonio Fiocco (Italian composer & choirmaster)
1790 – Thomas Norris (English organist, composer & singer)
1811 – Ignaz Fränzl (German violinist & composer)
1871 – Václav Emanuel Horák (Czech composer, church musician & teacher)
1914 – Albéric Magnard (French composer)
1944 – František Drdla (Czech violinist & composer)
1946 – Paul Lincke (German composer & violinist, "Berliner Luft")
1946 – Moriz Rosenthal (Polish pianist, composer & wit)
1951 – Robert Hernried (Austrian composer, musicologist & music editor)
1960 – Joseph Lamb (American ragtime composer)
1963 – Frico Kafenda (Slovak composer, teacher, pianist & conductor)
1964 – Joseph Marx (Austrian composer, teacher & music critic)
1970 – Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson (American blues-rock singer, songwriter, guitarist & harmonica player, Canned Heat)
1974 – Harry Partch (American experimental composer, instrument inventor, music theorist & hobo)
1981 – Mafalda Favero (Italian operatic soprano)
1984 – Dora Labbette (English operatic & concert soprano, mistress of Sir Thomas Beecham)
1985 – Johnny Marks (American writer of many Christmas songs, e.g. "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer")
1985 – Papa Jo Jones (American jazz drummer)
1985 – John Herbert McDowell (American composer for dance, theater & film)
1987 – Morton Feldman (American experimental composer)
1994 – Major Lance (American R&B & soul singer)
2007 – Carter Albrecht (American rock keyboardist & guitarist, Edie Brickell & New Bohemians)
2010 – Noah Howard (American free jazz alto saxophonist)

Well, what a banner day for good, old-fashioned, solid American experimental composition... it's a tradition that started with Charles Ives and Henry Cowell, and continues up to this very day! We have Harry Partch and Morton Feldman, both pooping on September 3rd. Partch - gay, iconoclastic, and a man who spent much of the Great Depression as a train-hopping vagabond - stretches our ears with his unequal 43-note scale that maps closely onto an 11-limit just intonation (a tuning system which is derived from acoustically pure intervals through the first 11 partials of an overtone series, if that's any easier for you to understand), and the truly weird-looking and even weirder-sounding instruments he had to design and build himself so that one could play in this scale. A few of them are seen above in our little Partch mini-collage: the Cloud Chamber Bowls, the Chromelodeon, the Bamboo Marimba, the Adapted Viola, the Quadrangularis Reversum, and the Gourd Tree. Partch's collection of exotic instruments continues to be curated and used in performance by Dean Drummond and the ensemble Newband.

In contrast, Feldman (a member of the so-called "New York School," which also includes John Cage, Earle Brown, and Christian Wolff) stretches our musical perceptions in a very different way, requiring us to recalibrate our relationship to musical sonority and musical time. (Feldman has his own mini-collage up there. He was a curiously photogenic and charismatic individual - I love how even the Iranian teen next to the gong seems intrigued by the man. Go here to look at some rarely-seen vacation slides of Feldman.) He came to prefer softer sounds only, finding them more interesting than louder ones. This causes the sound of "silence" - really, the ambient sounds of the space, especially those of the performers themselves moving around, breathing, etc. - to be bumped up in Feldman's sound-world. In his mature style of the late 60s and thereafter, a Feldman work consists of dissonant yet delicate patterns and textures that evolve so slowly they almost create an effect of complete stasis. This is extended over longer and longer time-spans throughout the 70s, culminating in the String Quartet II of 1983, which takes several hours to perform. So both Partch and Feldman are composers who require some major adjustments to the ways we're accustomed to listening to and processing music. To some, maybe frightening... to you and me, full of the excitement of discovery... (Read more about both Partch and Feldman below)

There's so much more to say about so many others (like jazz drummer Jo Jones... no, not "Philly" Joe Jones, but "Papa" Jo Jones - people have been getting the two of them confused for 60 years, and the situation isn't helped by the fact that they died not just in the same year, but within four days of one another), but I'll just have to say "Remainder of write-up pending" for now...

08-30: UPDATE! Miles Davis : Steamin' 1956 - Ike Quebec : Blue and Sentimental 1960

1985 – Philly Joe Jones (American jazz drummer)

Well, I knew it would happen eventually. That I'd manage to neglect a really, really important musician. And here he is. Philly Joe Jones... how does a person neglect Philly Joe Jones?!? Well, anyway, I hope this post makes up for it, at least a little bit...

09-02: Russ Columbo 1928-1934 - Francesco Landini : Hortus Musicus 1976 | Anonymous 4 2000 - Otto Luening CRI 334 1974 - Wagner Das Rheingold Karajan 1967

1397 – Francesco Landini (Italian composer & organist)
1715 – Constantin Christian Dedekind (German poet & composer)
1870 – Arthur Saint-Léon (French dancer, choreographer, violinist)
1891 – Ferdinand Praeger (German composer, friend & biographer of Richard Wagner)
1905 – Walter Cecil Macfarren (English pianist, composer, piano teacher & music critic)
1916 – Max Schlosser (German tenor)
1934 – Alcide "Yellow" Nunez (American early jazz clarinetist & guitarist)
1934 – Russ Columbo (American pop singer, violinist, actor & composer)
1949 – Giuseppina Cobelli (Italian operatic dramatic soprano)
1955 – Rudolf Kattnigg (Austrian composer, pianist & conductor)
1961 – Greet Koeman (Dutch operatic dramatic soprano)
1963 – László Szemere (Hungarian operatic tenor)
1970 – Kees van Baaren (Dutch composer & teacher)
1973 – Ralph Errolle (American tenor)
1980 – William Douglas Denny (American composer)
1981 – Tadeusz Baird (Polish composer & pianist of Scottish decent)
1996 – Otto Luening (American composer, conductor & pioneer of tape & electronic music)
1996 – Lee Gannon (American composer)
1997 – Sir Rudolf Bing (Austrian-born British opera impresario, General Manager of the Met 1950–72)
1999 – Giuseppe Modesti (Italian operatic bass-baritone)
2007 – Rajae Belmlih (Moroccan singer & champion of women's rights)

Write-up pending...

09-01: R.L. Burnside Mississippi Hill Country Blues 1985 - Chet Atkins & Jerry Reed : Me and Jerry 1970 - Ethel Waters Complete Decca - Coleridge-Taylor | Dvořák Violin Concerto - Mozart : Clifford Curzon | Dennis Brain

1648 – Marin Mersenne (French Jesuit priest, theologian, philosopher, mathematician, & music theorist)
1777 – Johann Ernst Bach II (German composer & organist, 2nd cousin once removed of J. S. Bach)
1814 – Erik Tulindberg (Finnish composer, violinist & civil servant)
1867 – Edward Hodges (English church organist & composer, active at Trinity Church in NYC)
1896 – Johann Evangelist Habert (Austrian church musician & composer)
1912 – Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (British composer & pianist)
1935 – Felice Lyne (American operatic soprano)
1957 – Dennis Brain (English hornist, son of Aubrey)
1957 – Sabine Kalter (Polish mezzo-soprano)
1959 – Wilhelm Rode (German bass-baritone)
1964 – George Georgescu (Romanian conductor)
1964 – Otto Olsson (Swedish composer & organist)
1968 – Granville English (American composer)
1969 – William Flanagan (American composer, lover of Edward Albee)
1972 – May Aufderheide (American ragtime composer)
1973 – Graziella Pareto (Spanish operatic soprano leggiero)
1977 – Ethel Waters (American blues, jazz & gospel singer & actress)
1982 – Clifford Curzon (English pianist)
1996 – Vagn Holmboe (Danish composer & teacher)
1996 – Ljuba Welitsch (Bulgarian-born Austrian operatic soprano)
1999 – José Soler (Spanish operatic tenor)
2005 – R. L. Burnside (American blues & blues-rock singer, songwriter & guitarist)
2008 – Jerry Reed (American country music singer, guitarist & songwriter & actor)

First Jimmy Reed, now Jerry Reed. Somehow I knew it would be the case, since their similar names have always confused me - much as test audiences were confused when Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 was originally shot as Smokey IS the Bandit, with Jackie Gleason playing a dual role as both Sheriff Buford T. Justice and The Bandit (whose usual portrayor, Burt Reynolds, was demanding a bigger salary than the producers were willing to pay - although they did manage to include him in a cameo at the end of the film). As a result, many scenes were re-shot so that Reed's character Cledus Snow now assumed the role of The Bandit, a promotion from his usual position as sidekick of Reynolds' Bo Darville. But if you only know Jerry Reed as the grinning Snowman from that trio of cinematic masterpieces, you are in for a big surprise. Reed was not only a great rockabilly player from the 50s, and a fine singer and songwriter (e.g., "When You're Hot You're Hot"), but also an innovative fingerstyle guitarist who could hold his own with the likes of the formidably gifted Chet Atkins... (Reed more below)

Marin Mersenne is sometimes called the "Father of Acoustics." Aside from having some rather important mathematical principles named after him (Mersenne numbers, Mersenne primes, the Mersenne conjecture, etc.), he was, at the dawn of the Scientific Age, one of the first to apply a truly scientific methodology to the study of musical tone. In L'harmonie universelle (1636–37), he was the first to publish the law that the frequency of a vibrating string is proportional to the square root of the tension, and inversely proportional to the length, to the diameter, and to the square root of the specific weight of the string, provided all other conditions remain the same when one of these quantities is altered. He also provided the first truly correct calculation of the equal-tempered semitone as the 12th root of 2, which could be constructed using nothing more than a straightedge and compass. L'harmonie universelle isn't all the fun and games of math and physics, though. The work is replete with detailed illustrations and descriptions of all the instruments that were in use in Mersenne's day - a real treasury for early-music specialists. A serpent:

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was an African-British composer who enjoyed much success both in Britain and America between 1895 and his death in 1912 (of pneumonia, at the age of 37), to the extent that he was sometimes called the "African Mahler." Coleridge-Taylor composed orchestral works, chamber music, songs, and choral music, most notably his trilogy of cantatas for chorus, soloists, and orchestra The Song of Hiawatha, Op.30, written between 1898 and 1900. One of his last completed works was his Violin Concerto in G minor, Op.80, which he wrote for Maud Powell (music written by a great black composer for a great female violinist - nicely pluralistic for 1912), whose parts had to be quickly recopied by hand in time for the premiere after they got lost en route to America - although not on the Titanic, as legend has it... (Read more below). See you on the other side of the high-water mark in steerage...

08-31: The Move 1968 - John Ward / Rose Consort of Viols - Lionel Hampton Complete Jazztone Recordings 1956 - Verdi Otello arias / Francesco Tamagno 1903 - Bartók / Spivakovsky / Balsam 1947

1604 – Giovanni Giovenale Ancina (Italian priest, scholar & composer, beatified 1889)
1616 – Gemignano Capilupi (Italian composer)
1631 – Nicolaus Erich (German composer & church musician)
1638 – John Ward the younger (English composer, chorister & lawyer)
1667 – Johann von Rist (German poet, playwright & hymnist)
1730 – Gottfried Finger (Moravian composer)
1795 – François-André Danican Philidor (French composer & chess master)
1805 – Joseph dall'Abaco (Belgian cellist & composer, active in Germany, England & Italy)
1832 – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer (French violinist & composer, younger brother of Rodolphe)
1862 – Ignaz Aßmayer (Austrian composer, organist & church musician)
1905 – Francesco Tamagno (Italian operatic tenor)
1910 – Pierre Aubry (French musicologist, 13th-century specialist)
1910 – Emīls Dārziņš (Latvian composer, conductor & music critic)
1923 – Ernst Van Dyck (Belgian operatic tenor)
1946 – Paul von Klenau (Danish composer & conductor, active in Germany & Austria)
1949 – Paul Höffer (German composer, pianist & teacher)
1964 – Désiré Defrère (Belgian operatic tenor)
1965 – Antonin Trantoul (French operatic tenor)
1969 – Ottmar Gerster (German composer, violinist & pianist)
1975 – Jonny Born (German operatic baritone)
1994 – Artur [Arthur] Balsam (Polish-born American pianist & teacher)
2002 – Lionel Hampton (American jazz vibraphonist, drummer, pianist, bandleader & actor)
2002 – Farhad Mehrad (Iranian rock singer, songwriter, guitarist & pianist)
2003 – Jaap Geraedts (Dutch composer & flutist)
2004 – Carl Wayne (English rock singer, keyboardist & electric bassist, The Move)

Well, I'm not going to say "write-up pending" today, because I already have three posts I have to go back and amend, so today I'm just going to keep it short and sweet for a change.

On August 31st we remember John Ward, English composer of viol music (Read more below); F.-A. Danican Philidor, whose family formed a long lineage of French court musicians, and who also has two chess moves named after him; Auguste Kreutzer, brother of Rodolphe Kreutzer, to whom Beethoven's "Kreutzer Sonata" (the sonata after which Tolstoy's novella (the novella by which Janáček's first string quartet was inspired) was named) was dedicated; and Ignaz Aßmayer, who gave organ lessons to Anton Bruckner, and whose name looks very funny if you don't have a German double-s handy.

We also remember Francesco Tamagno, the tenor who created the title role of Verdi's Otello in 1887 (that's to say, he was the very first to sing the role of Otello - well, unless you count the much less famous Otello by Rossini from 1816, for which Andrea Nozzari created the title role - Read more below); Ernst Van Dyck, the tenor who created the title role of Massenet's Werther in 1893; Pierre Aubry, an early scholarly specialist in medieval music; and Artur Balsam, a pianist who made many recordings in the late 78 and early LP era (Read more below).

Finally, we remember Lionel Hampton, who for all intents and purposes invented jazz vibraphone during the swing era (Read more below); Farhad Mehrad, who pioneered Persian rock music in the 70s, and had his music banned in Iran after the revolution, but has grown to be more accepted by the religious establishment as Iran's population has become younger and more liberal; and Carl Wayne, lead singer for The Move (Read more below), the British psychedelic rock group that later metamorphized into E.L.O. after Jeff Lynne joined it.

There! That was so short I needn't even bother with the usual "jump." But if you really feel like doing some more "reading," I think you know what to do...

Read more...

08-30: Velvet Underground : VU 1985 | Live at Max's Kansas City 1972 - Juan del Enzina ( Encina ) / Hespèrion XX Jordi Savall - Sinatra Sings Gershwin 1943-1952 Columbia

Would be chronological if Mortenson were just before Morrison. Tagged image here.

1529 – Juan del Enzina (Spanish composer, poet, playwright & priest)
1745 – Jean-Baptiste-Maurice Quinault (French actor, musician & composer)
1808 – Joseph Anton Bauer (German trumpeter & composer)
1826 – Theodor Zwettler (Austrian Benedictine prior & composer)
1883 – Angela Peralta (Mexican operatic soprano)
1904 – Kate Fanny Loder [Lady Thompson] (English composer, pianist & organist)
1940 – Fritz Feinhals (German operatic baritone)
1953 – Gaetano Merola (Italian-born American opera impresario & conductor)
1953 – Dimiter Nenov (Bulgarian pianist, composer, teacher & architect)
1956 – Padre José Antonio de Donostia (Benedictine priest, organist, composer & pianist)
1958 – Alexander Albrecht (Slovak-Hungarian composer & organist)
1963 – Axel Stordahl (American arranger, composer & conductor, Frank Sinatra)
1986 – Otto Mortensen (Danish pianist, composer, conductor & organist)
1995 – Sterling Morrison (American rock guitarist, The Velvet Underground)

He's usually called "Juan del Enzina" today, because that's what he called himself. But he's often instead called "Juan del Encina" since the tiny town in Salamanca he was probably from is now called Encina de San Silvestre (population 128... Saaaaa-lute!! Sorry... guess I still have Hee-Haw on the brain after Archie Campbell yesterday...):

Actually, his real name was Juan de Fermoselle, but nobody ever calls him that, for some reason. What they do also call him is "the founder of Spanish drama." And that is really saying something, because if you've ever met a Spanish person you know they can be a rather dramatic people. And to think, it all started with this guy! Oh... but I see here that he was also one of at least 7 known children. Maybe it's Señor y Señora Fermoselle who really deserve the credit. I mean, when your one family makes up half the town, some drama's bound to happen.

There is also some disagreement about exactly when it was that Juan del Enzina died. Some sources say it was sometime late in 1529 or early in 1530. Others state it was in 1533. The source I went with states unequivocally that it was on August 29, 1529, which of course isn't consistent with either of those other approximations. I'm guessing therefore that this date has about a 0.001% chance of being the correct one. But while the date may not be accurate, there's one thing it is that those others aren't: firm. We can't remember you on Yesterday in Dead Musicians (or as I should perhaps call it now "Three or Four Days Ago in Dead Musicians") if we don't know what day yesterday was. Better that we remember you on the wrong day than not at all. And remember Juan del Enzina we shall... (Read more below)

Juan del Enzina is considered the founder of Spanish drama, and Gaetano Merola is considered the founder of San Franciscan opera. That's because Gaetano Merola founded the San Francisco Opera. That was in 1923, and he served for the next 30 years as its general director and principal conductor, until... yup, you guessed it: poopage. Hey, you know what they call me? The founder of this here blog. And they're right. Thanks to all my floundering, this blog could foundering just about any day now...

ERRATUM/ADDENDUM: Case in point. I left out one of the great drummers in jazz history, Philly Joe Jones! One of the quintessential hard bop players. Member of Miles Davis's first great quintet (also known as just "The Quintet," as in "What? You mean there's some other quintet?"), along with Coltrane, Garland, and Chambers. Played with pretty much anybody who was anybody in jazz. Used the traditional grip. Miles said of him, "Philly Joe was the fire that was making a lot of things happen. See he knew everything I was going to do, everything I was going to play; he anticipated me, felt what I was thinking ... Philly Joe was the kind of drummer I knew my music had to have." In his autobiography, Miles says that later, when working with other drummers, he would ask them to do the "Philly Joe Lick," with mixed results.

Go here for the Philly Joe update.

08-29: Skyhooks : Ego Is Not A Dirty Word 1975 | Live at Festival Hall Melbourne 1975 - I'm Jimmy Reed 1958 - Louis Couperin / Christophe Rousset 2010 - Kazi Nazrul Islam / Nazrul Sangeet - Archie Campbell 1976

Tagged image here.

1661 – Louis Couperin (French composer, harpsichordist, organist & gambist)
1664 – Edward Coleman  (English tenor & composer)
1738 – Georg Reutter the Elder (Austrian organist, theorbist & composer)
1821 – Horace Coignet (French composer, J.-J. Rouseau's Pygmalion)
1861 – Franz Joseph Glæser (Czech-born Danish composer)
1876 – Félicien-César David (French composer)
1928 – Jean Gabriel Prosper Marie (French composer)
1933 – Georgi Conus (Russian composer)
1935 – Charles Lee Williams (American hymn composer)
1940 – Arthur de Greef (Belgian pianist & composer)
1946 – Milan Harašta (Czech composer)
1947 – Lillian Blauvelt (American operatic lyric soprano)
1972 – Lale Andersen (German popular singer & songwriter)
1976 – Jimmy Reed (American blues singer, songwriter, guitarist & harmonic player)
1976 – Kazi Nazrul Islam (Bengali poet, musician, revolutionary & philosopher)
1982 – Lehman Engel (American composer & conductor for stage, television & film)
1987 – Archie Campbell (American country music comedian, Hee-Haw)
1996 – Tera de Marez Oyens (Dutch composer, pianist & church musician)
2001 – Graeme "Shirley" Strachan (Australian rock singer & songwriter, Skyhooks)
2004 – Hans Vonk (Dutch conductor & pianist)

Let's have a moment of silence for our dearly departed.

Tell you what... we can do better than that. Let's have a full 273 seconds of silence for our dearly departed. I'll wait...

August 29 marks the 59th anniversary of the world premiere by David Tudor, in Woodstock, New York, of John Cage's 4′33″ for any instrument. You've just participated in a recreation of it. You're a real avant-garde musician now. Was anybody there to listen to it? And in case you did not perform the work, at least listen to a brief excerpt of it. I don't normally post mp3s directly on the blog, but this one is too good not to miss: 

4′33″ 

Okay, sure... it's easy to be tongue-in-cheek about it, but keep in mind what Cage said about that first performance:

They missed the point. There's no such thing as silence. What they thought was silence, because they didn't know how to listen, was full of accidental sounds. You could hear the wind stirring outside during the first movement. During the second, raindrops began pattering the roof, and during the third the people themselves made all kinds of interesting sounds as they talked or walked out.

It's a good thing to keep in mind around here, as we find ourselves constantly dipping into any and every genre of music imaginable (or at least attempting to - we are somewhat limited by what happens to be available out there at any given moment*). Whenever you hear some ignorant stick-in-the-mud proclaiming "That ain't music!" or "That's just a bunch of noise!" you'll know to tell 'em where to go! To http://yesterdayindeadmusicians.blogspot.com/ of course. Please do. I can really use more traffic, even if it's from ignorant sticks-in-the-mud.

On a related subject, you may notice that I've just added a very eclectic blogroll here. There are at current about 130 blogs on it, and I will probably add more. I have it set up so that it will display only the 25 most recently updated blogs, so the blogroll will be continually changing, and that's kinda how we like it. And by we I mean me. We, by which I mean I, can use the Royal We around here all we want, because around here, we are the king. And it's good to be the king. See you on the other side of that piece of art down there. Piece of art? You mean "the jump?" Yes, we mean the jump, but WE say that the jump is a piece of art. Because if we call it art, then it's art. Who are you to argue with us about it? 

*UPDATE: It is with a beatific gladness that I announce my success at last in locating some raga performances of Nazrul Sangeet, the works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, the official National Poet of Bangladesh, the Sufi Rebel Poet, the fighter against fascism, the champion of the poor, and women's rights, and equality for all peoples...

Nazrul Sangeet